Temperature, as a fundamental and important environmental parameter, is the temperature range inside which many chemical reactions and biological processes are optimized, and even the performance of some electronic circuits is controlled by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature performs a pivotal role in experimentation and engineering, and a variety of strategies have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key features of scientific research and engineering functions.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to choose a temperature sensor?
How to take care of the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring device. It converts warmth (temperature) into a readable type similar to an electrical sign such as current, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument close up in trade zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical subject
Environmental monitoring
Electronic tools
Food and beverage industry
Pharmaceutical trade
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings by the use of an electrical sign. They comprise two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature modifications. Temperature sensor work is based on measuring the voltage across the terminals of a diode. As the voltage increases, the temperature will increase accordingly, at which point there is a lower in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that should be in direct contact with the item to be measured to be able to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors make the most of totally different bodily properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, current, and so on.) for temperature measurement, and their changes can replicate the temperature of the thing to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are most commonly used in industrial, automotive, and everyday family applications. Because they’re self-powered, they don’t require excitation, have fast response times, and might function over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a hoop of two totally different metallic wires wound together to produce a voltage change between the 2 metals that is proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are created from a quantity of totally different supplies, permitting temperature sensors to measure completely different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The mostly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all other thermocouples are additionally designated utilizing the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, similar to an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance modifications with temperature. They are usually made of a polymer or ceramic lined with a glass floor, which is why they’re cheaper and less accurate than RTDs. There are two major kinds of thermistors: optimistic temperature coefficient (PTC) and adverse temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the commonest sort and are characterised by a decrease in resistance because the temperature will increase. This is as a result of at greater temperatures, the number of carriers (electrons and holes) within the semiconductor materials increases, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an operating vary of -72.4 to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and standard thermistors have an operating range as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer models with a two-wire methodology with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the principle of measuring temperature by using the property of resistance to alter with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature vary. The corresponding temperature can be decided by measuring the resistance.RTDs are normally manufactured from pure metals, especially platinum, which has very good stability and linearity over a big temperature vary.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are quick sufficient that resistance does not affect accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration adds an RTD probe to hold the excitation present, thus offering a approach to get rid of line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate force and sense leads. This is probably the most correct configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher value
Long-term stabilityHigher requirements for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are often integrated into built-in circuits (ICs). Two equivalent diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature adjustments. IC sensors have a linear response, but they have the bottom temperature sensor accuracy. This is because ICs have the slowest response over a narrow temperature vary (- -70 °C to one hundred fifty °C).
There are two kinds of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature utilizing the bodily properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an exterior transistor. The transistor is situated away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a device that automatically adjusts the temperature, usually based mostly on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the setting. When เพรสเชอร์เกจ measured temperature exceeds or falls under a set point, the thermostat prompts or shuts down heating or cooling gear to take care of the specified temperature.
There are many forms of thermostats out there, including knob-type, digital, programmable, and good thermostats to fulfill the needs of various users.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical device for measuring temperature that takes advantage of the reality that two different metals have different coefficients of thermal growth. When the temperature changes, the two metals in the bimetal broaden or contract at totally different rates. Since the 2 metals are tightly sure collectively, this difference causes the entire bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is often made into a spiral or curved form. As the temperature changes, the degree of bimetal bending modifications, and this alteration could be learn directly as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object without direct contact with the target surface. They depend on the thermal power radiated by the item to measure temperature, the most typical sort being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the intensity of infrared radiation emitted by a goal object to discover out its temperature. They are ideal for use when an object is moving or the temperature is simply too high or too low, as they do not need to come back into contact with the thing itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are additionally infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional image of the temperature distribution on the surface of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are used in all kinds of industrial and scientific applications, including temperature control of electronic devices, monitoring of chemical reactions, meals quality management, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of industrial instruments
How to choose a temperature sensor?
Measuring vary: Different temperature sensors have completely different measuring ranges. First determine the temperature range that must be measured, and select a sensor that can meet this vary.
Accuracy: Accuracy is another important choice factor for temperature sensors. Different sensor varieties have completely different accuracies. Typically, เพรสเชอร์เกจ and thermistors have higher accuracies, while thermocouples have lower accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working surroundings, corresponding to humidity, corrosive substances, high strain and different environmental circumstances.
Application: Application eventualities require a fast response to temperature changes, so it is necessary to select a sensor with a quick response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are provided with 316 chrome steel rods and inside wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head kinds can be found in two stem sorts: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the bottom of the thermocouple sleeve for maximum thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are good for liquid applications.
How to maintain the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid excessive environments
Record and analyze knowledge
Summary
Which temperature sensor to use depends on your utility and trade, in case you have any questions about temperature sensors or want temperature transmitter, feel free to contact Apure professional and technical staff to provide a solution. We also offer devices for water high quality analysis, flow meters, stage measurement, stress measurement, ozone turbines and temperature controller.
Extended reading:
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What Is Municipal Water?
Types of stage measurement transmitters
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Temperature, as a fundamental and important environmental parameter, is the temperature range inside which many chemical reactions and biological processes are optimized, and even the efficiency of some electronic circuits is controlled by temperature. Therefore, the measurement of temperature plays a pivotal position in experimentation and engineering, and a wide selection of methods have been developed for its detection. Overall, temperature measurement and monitoring are key features of scientific research and engineering applications.
Table of Contents
What is a temperature sensor?
Temperature Sensor Applications
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Thermocouples
Thermistors
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Thermostat
Thermometers
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
How to choose a temperature sensor?
How to take care of the temperature sensor?
Summary
What is a temperature sensor?
A temperature sensor is a temperature measuring system. It converts warmth (temperature) into a readable kind corresponding to an electrical signal similar to current, voltage or resistance.
Measuring instrument close up in industry zone
Temperature Sensor Applications
Industrial
Medical area
Environmental monitoring
Electronic tools
Food and beverage business
Pharmaceutical industry
How do temperature sensors work?
Temperature sensors take temperature readings via an electrical signal. They comprise two metals that produce a change in voltage or resistance when the temperature changes. Temperature sensor work relies on measuring the voltage across the terminals of a diode. As the voltage increases, the temperature will increase accordingly, at which level there’s a lower in voltage between the terminals and emitter of the transistor.
Temperature Sensor Types
Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Contact Temperature Sensors
A contact temperature sensor is a sensor that must be in direct contact with the thing to be measured to have the ability to measure its temperature. Contact temperature sensors make the most of completely different bodily properties (e.g., resistance, voltage, current, etc.) for temperature measurement, and their changes can reflect the temperature of the object to be measured.
Thermocouples
Thermocouple temperature sensors are most commonly used in industrial, automotive, and on an everyday basis household purposes. Because they are self-powered, they don’t require excitation, have quick response instances, and can operate over the widest temperature ranges (-328 to 3182 °F/-200 °C to 1750 °C). A thermocouple is a ring of two completely different metallic wires wound together to supply a voltage change between the two metals that is proportional to the temperature change.
Thermocouples are produced from numerous completely different supplies, permitting temperature sensors to measure completely different temperature ranges and sensitivities. The most commonly used thermocouple sensor is the K-type, and all other thermocouples are additionally designated utilizing the letters (J, R, and T).
Thermistors
A thermistor, similar to an RTD, is a resistor whose resistance changes with temperature. They are often manufactured from a polymer or ceramic coated with a glass floor, which is why they’re cheaper and fewer accurate than RTDs. There are two primary kinds of thermistors: optimistic temperature coefficient (PTC) and negative temperature coefficient (NTC).
Negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors are the most typical kind and are characterised by a decrease in resistance because the temperature increases. This is as a end result of at greater temperatures, the number of carriers (electrons and holes) within the semiconductor material increases, which lowers the resistance. Glass-encapsulated thermistors have an operating vary of -72.four to 482 °F (-50 to 250 °C), and normal thermistors have an operating vary as excessive as 302 °F (150 °C).
Apure PCT Thermocouple Temperature Transmitters with RTDs and thermocouples are field-installed temperature transformer units with a two-wire method with non-linear correction circuitry for direct measurement in industrial processes.
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD)
A Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) is a temperature sensor that operates on the precept of measuring temperature by utilizing the property of resistance to change with temperature. The resistance of a metallic conductor is proportional to its absolute temperature over a given temperature range. The corresponding temperature may be determined by measuring the resistance.RTDs are often manufactured from pure metals, especially platinum, which has very good stability and linearity over a large temperature range.
RTD Configuration:
Two-wire: Used when lead lengths are quick sufficient that resistance doesn’t have an effect on accuracy.
Three-wire: This configuration provides an RTD probe to carry the excitation current, thus providing a approach to eliminate line resistance.
Four-wire: This wire eliminates line resistance by combining separate drive and sense leads. This is essentially the most accurate configuration.
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD
AdvantagesDisadvantages
High precisionLow sensitivity
Linear outputHigher value
Long-term stabilityHigher requirements for current sources
Advantages and Disadvantages of RTD Table
Semiconductor Sensors (IC)
Semiconductor-based temperature sensors are normally built-in into built-in circuits (ICs). Two equivalent diodes with temperature-sensitive voltages monitor temperature changes. IC sensors have a linear response, but they’ve the lowest temperature sensor accuracy. This is as a outcome of ICs have the slowest response over a slim temperature vary (- -70 °C to one hundred fifty °C).
There are two forms of IC:
Local Temperature Sensors: measure temperature using the bodily properties of transistors. They can use analog or digital outputs.
Remote digital temperature sensors: measure the temperature of an exterior transistor. The transistor is positioned away from the sensor chip.
Thermostat
A thermostat is a device that routinely adjusts the temperature, often based mostly on readings from temperature sensors (such as thermocouples, thermistors, or temperature-sensitive capacitors) that measure the temperature of the setting. When the measured temperature exceeds or falls under a set point, the thermostat prompts or shuts down heating or cooling tools to maintain the specified temperature.
There are many kinds of thermostats available, including knob-type, digital, programmable, and good thermostats to meet the needs of different customers.
Thermometers
Bimetallic thermometer is a mechanical device for measuring temperature that takes advantage of the reality that two completely different metals have completely different coefficients of thermal growth. When the temperature changes, the 2 metals in the bimetal increase or contract at totally different charges. Since the 2 metals are tightly certain collectively, this difference causes the entire bimetal to bend. In thermometers, this bimetal is often made into a spiral or curved shape. As the temperature modifications, the diploma of bimetal bending adjustments, and this modification could be read directly as a change in temperature.
Bimetal thermometers for temperature measurement
Non-Contact Temperature Sensors
Non-contact temperature sensors are used to measure the temperature of an object with out direct contact with the goal surface. They depend on the thermal vitality radiated by the thing to measure temperature, the most typical sort being infrared (IR) temperature sensors.
Infrared temperature sensors: These sensors measure the intensity of infrared radiation emitted by a goal object to determine its temperature. They are perfect for use when an object is transferring or the temperature is too high or too low, as they do not want to come into contact with the item itself.
Thermal imaging cameras: Thermal imaging cameras are additionally infrared sensors that measure and produce a two-dimensional picture of the temperature distribution on the surface of an object.
Non-contact temperature sensors are utilized in all kinds of commercial and scientific functions, together with temperature management of electronic gadgets, monitoring of chemical reactions, meals high quality control, and medical diagnostics.
Non-contact infrared sensors measure the temperature of business instruments
How to choose on a temperature sensor?
Measuring range: Different temperature sensors have different measuring ranges. First decide the temperature vary that must be measured, and choose a sensor that can meet this vary.
Accuracy: Accuracy is another important choice issue for temperature sensors. Different sensor sorts have completely different accuracies. Typically, RTDs and thermistors have larger accuracies, whereas thermocouples have lower accuracies.
Environment: Temperature sensors are affected by their working environment, corresponding to humidity, corrosive substances, excessive strain and other environmental situations.
Application: Application eventualities require a fast response to temperature adjustments, so it may be very important select a sensor with a quick response time.
Valve stem (sheath): Thermocouples and RTDs are provided with 316 chrome steel rods and internal wiring coated with powdered ceramic. Screw head styles are available in two stem sorts: spring-loaded and welded. The spring-loaded stem is mounted to the bottom of the thermocouple sleeve for maximum thermal sensitivity. Welded stems are perfect for liquid purposes.
How to maintain the temperature sensor?
Periodic Sensor Cleaning
Periodic calibration
Check electrical connections
Avoid extreme environments
Record and analyze information
Summary
Which temperature sensor to make use of is dependent upon your application and trade, if you have any questions on temperature sensors or need temperature transmitter, be at liberty to contact Apure skilled and technical group to provide a solution. We also supply devices for water quality evaluation, move meters, level measurement, stress measurement, ozone turbines and temperature controller.
Extended reading:
Dissolved Oxygen Probe How It Works?
Surface Water vs Groundwater
What Is Municipal Water?
Types of level measurement transmitters